Available positions in the PG program are very limited.  SAISOM seeks to engage very dedicated PG candidates to fill the limited seats.  The following is a sample curriculum for Post Graduate study in General Surgery.

 

GUIDELINES FOR COMPETENCY BASED POSTGRADUATE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR MS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Preamble:

The purpose of PG education is to create specialists who would provide high quality health care and advance the cause of science through research & training. A post graduate specialist having undergone the required training should be able to recognize the health needs of the community, should be competent to handle effectively medical / surgical problems and should be aware of the recent advances pertaining to his specialty. The PG student should be competent to provide professional services with empathy and humane approach. The PG student should acquire the basic skills in teaching of medical / para-medical students and is also expected to know the principles of research methodology and self-directed learning for continuous professional development.

The purpose of this document is to provide teachers and learners illustrative guidelines to achieve defined outcomes through learning and assessment. This document was prepared by various subject-content specialists. The Reconciliation Board of the Academic Committee has attempted to render uniformity without compromise to purpose and content of the document. Compromise in purity of syntax has been made in order to preserve the purpose and content. This has necessitated retention of “domains of learning” under the heading “competencies”.

SUBJECT SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Clinical Objectives

At the end of postgraduate training, the PG student should be able to: -

  1. diagnose and appropriately manage common surgical ailments in a given situation.
  2. provide adequate preoperative, post-operative and follow-up care of surgical patients.
  3. identify situations calling for urgent or early surgical intervention and refer at the optimum time to the appropriate centers.
  4. counsel and guide patients and relatives regarding need, implications and problems of surgery in the individual patient.
  5. provide and coordinate emergency resuscitative measures in acute surgical situations including trauma.
  6. organize and conduct relief measures in situations of mass disaster including triage.
  7. effectively participate in the National Health Programs especially in the Family Welfare Programs.
  8. discharge effectively medico-legal and ethical responsibilities and practice his specialty ethically.
  9. must learn to minimize medical errors.
  10. must update knowledge in recent advances and newer techniques in the management of the patients.
  11. must learn to obtain informed consent prior to performance of operative procedure.
  12. perform surgical audit on a regular basis and maintain records (manual and/or electronic) for life.
  13. participate regularly in departmental academic activities by presenting Seminar, Case discussion, Journal Club and Topic discussion on weekly basis and maintain logbook.
  14. demonstrate sufficient understanding of basic sciences related to his specialty.
  15. plan and advise measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients belonging to his specialty.

Research:

The student should:

  1. know the basic concepts of research methodology, plan a research project and know how to consult library.
  2. should have basic knowledge of statistics.

Teaching:

The student should learn the basic methodology of teaching and develop competence in teaching medical/paramedical students.

Professionalism:

  1. The student will show integrity, accountability, respect, compassion and dedicated patient care. The student will demonstrate a commitment to excellence and continuous professional development.
  2. The student should demonstrate a commitment to ethical principles relating to providing patient care, confidentiality of patient information and informed consent.
  3. The student should show sensitivity and responsiveness to patients’ culture, age, gender and disabilities.

SUBJECT SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES

By the end of the course, the student should have acquired knowledge (cognitive domain), professionalism (affective domain) and skills (psychomotor domain) as given below:

  1. Cognitive domain

o Demonstrate knowledge of applied aspects of basic sciences like applied anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology and pharmacology.

o Demonstrate knowledge of the bedside procedures and latest diagnostics and therapeutics available.

o Describe aetoiology, pathophysiology, principles of diagnosis and management of common surgical problems including emergencies, in adults and children.

o Demonstrate the theoretical knowledge of general principles of surgery.

o Demonstrate the theoretical knowledge of systemic surgery including disaster management and recent advances.

o Demonstrate the theoretical knowledge to choose, and interpret appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic imaging including ultrasound, Mammogram, CT scan, MRI.

o Demonstrate the knowledge of ethics, medico-legal aspects, communication skills and leadership skills. The PG student should be able to provide professional services with empathy and humane approach.

  1. Affective domain

o Should be able to function as a part of a team, develop an attitude of cooperation with colleagues, and interact with the patient and the clinician or other colleagues to provide the best possible diagnosis or opinion.

o Always adopt ethical principles and maintain proper etiquette in dealings with patients, relatives and other health personnel and to respect the rights of the patient including the right to information and second opinion.

o Develop communication skills to word reports, obtain a proper relevant history and professional opinion as well as to interact with patients, relatives, peers and paramedical staff, and for effective teaching.

o Obtain informed consent for any examination/procedure and explain to the patient and attendants the disease and its prognosis with a humane approach.

o Provide appropriate care that is ethical, compassionate, responsive and cost effective and in conformation with statutory rules.

  1. Psychomotor domain

o Perform a humane and thorough clinical examination including internal examinations and examinations of all organs/systems in adults and children

o Write a complete case record with all necessary details.

o Arrive at a logical working diagnosis / differential diagnosis after clinical examination.

o Order appropriate investigations keeping in mind their relevance (need based).

o Choose, perform and interpret appropriate imaging in trauma - ultrasound FAST (Focused Abdominal Sonography in Trauma).

o Perform minor operative procedures and common general surgical operations independently and the major procedures under guidance.

o Provide basic and advanced life saving support services in emergency situations o Provide required immediate treatment and comprehensive treatment taking the help of specialist as required.

o Perform minimally invasive surgery in appropriate clinical settings. Must have undergone basic training in operative laparoscopy related to general and GI Surgery.

o Undertake complete patient monitoring including the preoperative and post operative care of the patient.

o Write a proper discharge summary with all relevant information.

Syllabus

Course Contents:

No limit can be fixed and no fixed number of topics can be prescribed as course contents. She/he is expected to know the subject in depth, however, emphasis should be on the diseases/health problems most prevalent in that area. Knowledge of recent advances and basic sciences as applicable to his/her specialty should get high priority. Competence in surgical skills commensurate with the specialty (actual hands – on training) must be ensured.

  1. General topics:

A student should have fair knowledge of basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology and Pharmacology) as applied to his specialty. Further, the student should acquire in-depth knowledge of his subject including recent advances and should be fully conversant with the bedside procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic) and having knowledge of latest diagnostics and therapeutics available.

  1. History of medicine with special reference to ancient Indian texts
  2. Health economics - basic terms, health insurance
  3. Medical sociology, doctor-patient relationship, family adjustments in disease,organizational behavior, conflict resolution
  1. Computers - record keeping, computer aided learning, virtual reality, robotics
  2. Hazards in hospital and protection: AIDS, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, radiation, psychological
  3. Environment protection - bio-medical waste management
  4. Surgical audit, evidence based surgical practice, quality assurance
  5. Concept of essential drugs and rational use of drugs
  6. Procurement of stores and material & personal management
  7. Research methodology - library consultation, formulating research, selection of topic, writing thesis protocol, preparation of consent form from patients
  8. Bio-medical statistics, clinical trials
  9. Medical ethics
  10. Consumer protection
  11. Newer antibiotics
  12. Problem of resistance.
  13. Sepsis - SIRS
  14. Nosocomial infection
  15. Advances in imaging technologies
  16. Disaster management, mass casualties, Triage
  17. O.T. design, technologies, equipment
  18. Critical care in surgical practice
  19. Response to trauma
  20. Wound healing
  21. Fluid and electrolyte balance
  22. Nutrition
  23. Blood transfusion
  24. Brain death
  25. Cadaveric organ retrieval

Systemic Surgery

The student must acquire knowledge in the following important topics are but teaching should not be limited to these topics. A standard text-book may be followed, which will also identify the level of learning expected of the trainees.

 Wound healing including recent advances

 Asepsis, antisepsis, sterilization and universal precaution

 Surgical knots, sutures, drains, bandages and splints

 Surgical infections, causes of infections, prevention

 Common aerobic and anaerobic organisms and newer organisms causing

infection including Helicobacter Pylori

 Tetanus, gas gangrene treatment & prevention

 Chronic specific infections TB, Filariasis

 Boils, cellulites, abscess, narcotizing fascitis and synergistic infection

 Antibiotic therapy rationale including antibiotic prophylaxis, misuse, abuse

 Hospital acquired nosocomial infection causes and prevention including MRSA

etc.

 HIV, AIDS and Hepatitis B & C, Universal precautions when dealing with patients suffering from these diseases

 Fluid and electrolyte balance including acid – base disturbance, consequences, interpretation of blood gas analysis data and management

 Rhabdomyolysis and prevention of renal failure

 Shock (septicaemic, hypovolaemic, Neurogenic, anaphylactic), etiology,

pathophysiology and management

 Blood and blood components, transfusion indication, contraindication, mismatch and prevention and management of complications of massive blood transfusion

 Common preoperative preparation (detailed preoperative workup, risk assessment according to the disease and general condition of the patient as per ASA grade) and detailed postoperative complications following major and minor surgical procedures

 Surgical aspects of diabetes mellitus particularly management of diabetic foot and gangrene, preoperative control of diabetes, consequences of hypo- and hyperglycaemia in a postoperative setting

 Consequences and management of bites and stings including snake, dog, human bites

 Mechanisms and management of missile, blast and gunshot injuries

 Organ transplantation: Basic principles including cadaver donation, related Human Organ Transplant Acts, ethical and medicolegal aspects.

 Nutritional support to surgical patients

 Common skin and subcutaneous condition

 Sinus and fistulae, pressure sores

 Acute arterial occlusion, diagnosis and initiate management

 Types of gangrene, Burger’s disease and atherosclerosis

 Investigations in case of arterial obstruction, amputation, vascular injuries: basic principles and management

 Venous disorders: Varicose veins

 Diagnosis, principles of therapy, prevention of DVT: basic principles and management

 Lymphatic: Diagnosis and principles of management of lymphangitis and lymphedema

 Surgical management of Filariasis

 Burns: causes, prevention and management

 Wounds of scalp and its management

 Recognition, diagnosis and monitoring of patients with head injury, Glasgow coma scale

 Undergo advanced trauma and cardiac support course (certified) before appearing in final examination

 Recognition of acute cerebral compression, indication for referrals.

 Cleft lip and palate

 Leukoplakia, retention cysts, ulcers of tongue

 Oral malignancies

 Salivary gland neoplasms

 Branchial cyst, cystic hygroma

 Cervical lymphadenitis nonspecific and tuberculous, metastatic lymph nodes and lymphomas.

 Diagnosis and principles of management of goitre

 Thyroglossal cyst and fistula

 Thyrotoxicosis

 Thyroid neoplasms

 Management of solitary thyroid nodule

 Thoracic outlet syndrome

 Management of nipple discharge

 Breast abscess

 Clinical breast examination, breast self examination

 Screening and investigation of breast lump

 Concept of Single Stop Breast Clinic

 Cancer breast diagnosis, staging and multimodality management (common neoadjuvant and adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy protocols and indications of radiation and hormonal therapy, pathology and interpretation of Tumour Markers, breast cancer support groups and counseling)

 Recognition and treatment of pneumothorax, haemothorax

 Pulmonary embolism: Index of suspicion, prevention/recognition and treatment

 Flail chest, stove in chest

 Postoperative pulmonary complication

 Empyema thoracis

 Recognition of oesophgeal atresisa and principles of management

 Neoplasms of the lung including its prevention by tobacco control

 Cancer oesophagus: principles of management including importance of early detection and timely referral to specialist

 Achalasia cardia

 Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

 Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

 Aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of peptic ulcer including role of H. Pylori and its diagnosis and eradication

 Cancer stomach

 Signs and tests of liver dysfunction

 Amoebic liver abscess and its non-operative management

 Hydatid cyst and its medical and surgical management including laparoscopic management

 Portal hypertension, index of suspicion, symptoms and signs of liver failure and timely referral to a specialist center

 Obstructive jaundice with emphasis on differentiating medical vs surgical Jaundice, algorithm of investigation, diagnosis and surgical treatment options

 Neoplasms of liver

 Rupture spleen

 Indications for splenectomy

 Clinical features, diagnosis, complications and principles of management of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis including laparoscopic cholecystectomy

 Management of bile duct stones including endoscopic, open and laparoscopic management

 Carcinoma gall bladder, incidental cancer gallbladder, index of suspicion and its staging and principles of management

 Choledochal cyst

 Acute pancreatitis both due to gallstones and alcohol

 Chronic pancreatitis

 Carcinoma pancreas

 Peritonitis: causes, recognition, diagnosis, complications and principles of management with knowledge of typhoid perforation, tuberculous peritonitis, postoperative peritonitis

 Abdominal pain types and causes with emphasis on diagnosing early intraabdominal acute pathology requiring surgical intervention

 Intestinal amoebiasis and other worms manifestation (Ascariasis) and their surgical complications (Intestinal Obstruction, perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, involvement of biliary tract)

 Abdominal tuberculosis both peritoneal and intestinal

 Intestinal obstruction

Appendix:

 Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis

 Appendicular lump and abscess

Colon

 Congenital disorders, Congenital megacolon

 Colitis infective / non infective

 Inflammatory bowel diseases

 Premalignant conditions of large bowel

 Ulcerative colitis

 Carcinoma colon

 Principles of management of types of colostomy

Rectum and Anal Canal:

 Congenital disorders, Anorectal anamolies

 Prolapse of rectum

 Carcinoma rectum

 Anal Canal: surgical anatomy, features and management of fissures, fistula - in – ano.

 Perianal and ischiorectal abscess

 Haemorrhoids – Non-operative outpatient procedures for the control of bleeding

(Banding, cryotherapy, injection) operative options - open and closed haemorrhoidectomy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy

 Anal carcinoma

 Clinical features, diagnosis, complication and principles of management of inguinal hernia including laparoscopic repair

 Umbilical, femoral hernia and epigastric hernia

 Open and Laparoscopic repair of incisional/primary ventral hernia

 Urinary symptoms and investigations of urinary tract

 Diagnosis and principles of management of urolithiasis

 Lower Urinary tract symptoms or prostatism

 Benign prostatic hyperplasia; diagnosis and management

 Genital tuberculosis in male

 Phimosis and paraphimosis

 Carcinoma penis

 Diagnosis and principles of treatment of undescendecd testis

 Torsion testis

 Hydrocele, haematocele and pyocele Varicocele: Diagnosis (Medical Board for fitness)

 Varicocele: Diagnosis (Medical Board for fitness)

 Acute and chronic epididymo-orchitis

 Testicular tumours

 Principles of management of urethral injuries

 Management of soft tissue sarcoma

 Prosthetic materials used in surgical practice

 Telemedicine, teleproctoring and e-learning

 Communication skills

A student should be expert in good history taking, physical examination, providing basic life support and advanced cardiac life support, common procedures like FNAC, Biopsy, aspiration from serous cavities, lumber puncture etc. The student should be able to choose the required investigations.

Clinical cases and Symptoms-based approach to the patient with:

  1. Ulcers in oral cavity
  2. Solitary nodule of the thyroid
  3. Lymph node in the neck
  4. Suspected breast lump
  5. Benign breast disease
  6. Acute abdominal pain
  7. Blunt Trauma Abdomen
  8. Gall stone disease
  9. Dysphagia
  10. Chronic abdominal pain
  11. Epigastric mass
  12. Right hypochrondium mass
  13. Right iliac fossa mass
  14. Renal mass
  15. Inguino-scrotal swelling
  16. Scrotal swelling
  17. Gastric outlet obstruction
  18. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
  19. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
  20. Anorectal symptoms
  21. Acute intestinal obstruction
  22. Obstructive jaundice
  23. Acute retention of Urine
  24. Bladder outlet obstruction
  25. Haematuria
  26. Peripheral vascular disease
  27. Varicose veins
  28. New born with developmental anomalies
  29. Hydronephrosis , Pyonephrosis, perinephric abscess
  30. Renal tuberculosis
  31. Renal tumors
  32. Carcinoma prostate
  33. Genital tuberculosis in male

At the end of the course, post graduate students should be able to perform independently (including perioperative management) the following:

 Start IV lines and monitor infusions

 Start and monitor blood transfusion

 Venous cut-down

 Start and manage a C.V.P. line

 Conduct CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

 Basic/ advance life support

 Endotracheal intubation

 Insert nasogastric tube

 Proctoscopy

 Urethral catheterisation

 Surgical management of wounds

 Biopsies including image guided

 Manage pneumothorax / pleural space collections

 Infiltration, surface and digital Nerve blocks

 Incise and drain superficial abscesses

 Control external hemorrhage

 Vasectomy (Preferably non-scalpel)

 Circumcision

 Surgery for hydrocele

 Surgery for hernia

 Surgery and Injection/banding of piles

 Management of all types of shock

 Assessment and management of burns

 Hemithyroidectomy

 Excision of thyroglossal cyst

 Excision Biopsy of Cervical Lymphnode

 Excision of benign breast lump

 Modified Radical mastectomy

 Axillary Lymphnode Biopsy

 Excision of gynaecomastia

 Excision of skin and subcutaneous swellings

 Split thickness skin graft

 Management of hernias

 Laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy

 Management of Liver abscess

 appendectomy

 Management of intestinal obstruction, small bowel resection, perforation and

anastomosis

 Colostomy

The student must have observed or assisted (the list is illustrative) in the following:

 Hartmann’s procedure for cancer rectum

 Splenectomy (emergency)

 Stomach perforation

 Varicose Vein surgery

 Craniotomy (Head Injury)

 Superficial parotidectomy

 Submandibular gland excision

 Soft tissue tumors including sarcoma

 Pancreaticoduodenal resection

 Hydatid cyst liver

 Pancreatic surgery

 Retroperitoneal operations

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

Teaching methodology

Didactic lectures are of least importance; small group discussion such as seminars, journal clubs, symposia, reviews and guest lectures should get priority for theoretical knowledge. Bedside teaching, grand rounds, structured interactive group discussions and clinical demonstrations should be the hallmark of clinical/practical learning with appropriate emphasis on e-learning. Student should have hand-on training in performing various procedures and ability to interpret various tests/investigations. Exposure to newer specialized diagnostic/therapeutic procedures concerning her/his subject should be given. Self-learning tools like assignments and case-based learning may be promoted.

  1. Clinical postings

A major portion of posting should be in General Surgery. It should include inpatients, out-patients, ICU, trauma, emergency room and speciality clinics.

Rotation of posting

o Inter-unit rotation in the department should be done for a period of up to one year.

o Rotation in appropriate related subspecialties for a total period not exceeding 06 months.

  1. Clinical meetings:

There should be intra- and inter- departmental meetings for discussing the uncommon /interesting cases involving multiple departments.

  1. Log book: Each student must be asked to present a specified number of cases for clinical discussion, perform procedures/tests/operations/present seminars/review articles from various journals in inter-unit/interdepartmental teaching sessions. They should be entered in a Log Book. The Log books shall be checked and assessed periodically by the faculty members imparting the training.
  1. Thesis writing and research:

Thesis writing is compulsory.

  1. The postgraduate students shall be required to participate in the teaching and training programme of undergraduate students and interns.
  2. A postgraduate student of a postgraduate degree course in broad specialities/super specialities would be required to present one poster presentation, to read one paper at a national/state conference and to present one research paper which should be published/accepted for publication/sent for publication during the period of his postgraduate studies so as to make him eligible to appear at the postgraduate degree examination.
  3. The student should know the basic concepts of research methodology, plan a research project, be able to retrieve information from the library. The student should have a basic knowledge of statistics.
  4. Department should encourage e-learning activities.

During the training programme, patient safety is of paramount importance; therefore, skills are to be learnt initially on the models, later to be performed under supervision followed by performing independently; for this purpose, provision of surgical skills laboratories in the medical colleges is mandatory.

ASSESSMENT

Assessment should be comprehensive & objective. It should address the stated competencies of the course. The assessment needs to be spread over the duration of the course.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, i.e., assessment during the training would include:

Formative assessment should be continual and should assess medical knowledge, patient care, procedural & academic skills, interpersonal skills, professionalism, self directed learning and ability to practice in the system.

General Principles

Internal Assessment should be frequent, cover all domains of learning and used to provide feedback to improve learning; it should also cover professionalism and communication skills. The Internal Assessment should be conducted in theory and clinical examination.

Quarterly assessment during the MS training should be based on following educational activities:

  1. Journal based / recent advances learning
  2. Patient based /Laboratory or Skill based learning
  3. Self directed learning and teaching
  4. Departmental and interdepartmental learning activity
  5. External and Outreach Activities / CMEs

The student to be assessed periodically as per categories listed in postgraduate student appraisal form (Annexure I).

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT, ie., assessment at the end of training

The examination will be in three parts:

  1. Thesis

Every post graduate student shall carry out work on an assigned research project under the guidance of a recognised Post Graduate Teacher, the result of which shall be written up and submitted in the form of a Thesis. Work for writing the Thesis is aimed at contributing to the development of a spirit of enquiry, besides exposing the candidate to the techniques of research, critical analysis, acquaintance with the latest advances in medical science and the manner of identifying and consulting available literature.

Thesis shall be submitted at least six months before the Theory and Clinical / Practical examination. The thesis shall be examined by a minimum of three examiners; one internal and two external examiners, who shall not be the examiners for Theory and Clinical examination. A candidate shall be allowed to appear for the Theory and Practical/Clinical examination only after the acceptance of the Thesis by the examiners.

  1. Theory

The examinations shall be organized on the basis of ‘Grading ‘or ‘Marking system’ to evaluate and to certify candidate's level of knowledge, skill and competence at the end of the training. Obtaining a minimum of 50% marks in ‘Theory’ as well as ‘Practical’ separately shall be mandatory for passing examination as a whole. The examination for MS shall be held at the end of 3rd academic year. An academic term shall mean six month's training period.

Theory shall consist of four papers of 3 hours each.

Paper I: Basic Sciences

Paper II: Principles and Practice of Surgery

Paper III: Principles and practice of Operative Surgery

Paper IV: Recent Advances in Surgery

  1. Clinical / Practical and viva voce Examination

Clinical examination shall be conducted to test the knowledge, skills, attitude and competence of the post graduate students for undertaking independent work as a specialist/Teacher, for which post graduate students shall examine a minimum one long case and two short cases.

The Oral examination shall be thorough and shall aim at assessing the post graduate student’s knowledge and competence about the subject, investigative procedures, therapeutic technique and other aspects of the specialty, which form a part of the examination.

Assessment may include Objective structured clinical examination.  (OSCE) Oral/Viva-voce examination needs to assess knowledge on X-rays, instrumentation, operative procedures. Due weightage should be given to Log Book Records and day to-day observation during the training.

Recommended Reading:

Books (latest edition)

  1. 1. Text Book of Surgery, by Christopher Davis
  2. ASI Text Book of Surgery
  3. Surgery of Colon, Rectum and Anal canal, by Goligher J C
  4. Schwartz Text Book of Surgery
  5. 5. Textbook on Laparoscopic Surgery
  6. Trauma (Mattox)
  7. Recent Advances in Surgery
  8. Year Book of Surgery
  9. Surgical Clinics of North America
  10. Short practice of Surgery by Bailey and Love
  11. A manual of clinical Surgery, by S Das
  12. Hamilton Bailey’s demonstration of clinical signs
  13. Pye’s Surgical Handicraft

Journals

03-05 international Journals and 02 national (all indexed) journals